Juvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate For Juvenile Crime

The way the courts deal with juvenile delinquents varies depending on the country. Even the age of criminal responsibility is different depending on the country. Most people think when you become 18 you are no longer a minor and can be charged as an adult, well in Japan until you are 20 you can still be charged as a minor. In germany they consider 21 a legal adult .On the other hand when you become 17 in Australia you are charged as an adult. They way they treat juveniles in prison also differs. The punishments they receive, the programs they have and the privileges they offer are all different. So why does the U.S have the highest rate for juvenile crime? The United States has the highest rate for juvenile crime yet, like several other†¦show more content†¦The U.S is currently the country in the world that sentences children to live in prison without parole for crimes committed while under 18. The U.S has sentenced 2,570 minors to life without without parole. There are many different pathways a juvenile can take once processed by the courts. Some are sent back home to undergo rehabilitation, while the ones who are too violent are to be sent home are sent to juvenile detention centers. The detention center offers mental health programs like; individual counseling, group counseling, crisis counseling, family intervention, medication management, and transition planning. They also offer educational programs so kids who are incarcerated don’t have to give up their rights to an education. Overcrowding is a huge problem in juvenile detention centers which leads to tension between residents and staff, resulting in violence and suicide attempt. Japan is one of the safest countries in Asia. The Japanese law states that the act of a person under the age of fourteen shall not be punished but, murder suspects between age 16 and 20 automatically face a criminal trial. Although Japan has tried to stay away from sentencing juveniles, their courts have many different options for juvenile placements. Family courtShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate Of Incarceration Rates Among African American Males1339 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The United States has the highest rate of incarceration in the world, this country is known to have the greatest number of people go to jail yearly than any other state shown in records. Chicago, Illinois is known to be the city that never sleeps, the city that encompasses the highest rates of homicides, drug smuggling and highest incarceration rates among African American males. Delinquency is a social term in society often used to describe individuals who have been involved in criminalRead MoreFemale Juveniles Are The Most Vulnerable927 Words   |  4 PagesFemale juveniles are known to be the most vulnerable. If they are growing up in poverty or suffering from abuse, their delinquent behavior are often leads to self-destruction. Female juveniles will most likely grow up to join street gangs, drop out of school, or become teenage mothers. Girls are the fastest growing segment of the juvenile justice system with minority females disproportionately represented among delinquent girls ; two-thirds are girls of color. The majority have been subjected to someRead MoreThe 19th Century : The Nineteenth Century1333 Words   |  6 Pagescaused them to mature at a faster rate. This, coupled with an agrarian society and different social norms, had children as young as fifteen married and having children of their own (Hacker D. J., 2003). The age distinction we place on juveniles today would not have been applied at that time, subsequently juveniles who broke the law were tried in the same courts as adults. Some youths as young as fourteen years old were executed for their crimes until 1899 when the Juvenile Court of Law was establishedRead MoreFuture of the Juvenile Justice System1280 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of the Juvenile Justice System The future of the juvenile justice system is uncertain. There is a struggle to try a find a way to serve the needs of the juvenile delinquents and issue them a punishment for violating the law. In order to improve the direction of the juvenile justice system, recommendations are needed regarding community involvement, law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the private sector. These recommendations address issues that the system is currently facing and offersRead MoreJuvenile Crimes1247 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile crime is a growing problem that endangers virtually every American. Juvenile delinquency is enormously damaging to the health and well-being of the nations families and communities. A juvenile crime can consist of DUI, robbery, rape, minor in possession, weapon in possession anything an adult can be charged with. Individuals under the age of eighteen who commit these crimes can be charged as a juvenile delinquent. Statistics show that most juveniles that commit crime s are in a gang; weatherRead MoreThe Effects Of Urbanization, Industrialization, And Immigration On The Chicago Neighborhood Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesimmigration on patterns of social organization in Chicago neighborhoods (Kurbin, 2010). Many researchers, such as Ernest Burgess and Robert Park, had explored the effects of urbanization, industrialization and immigration in Chicago neighborhood; however, crime was not a main focus of study. This would later change when researchers Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay, from the University of Chicago, started their research on social organization. Clifford R. Shaw had earned a M.A in sociology at the UniversityRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System1423 Words   |  6 Pagesthe criminal justice system, juvenile delinquency is an issue that I find the most overlooked and it is a problem that is growing, particularly in the poorer areas. The term juvenile delinquency refers to the antisocial or criminal activi ty under the age of 18 which violates the law. Everyone is affected by juvenile crime, parents, teachers, families and neighbors. It is essential that programs are implemented to help with juvenile delinquents. Although delinquency rates have decreased dramaticallyRead MoreThe Canadian Juvenile Justice System Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesYouth and juvenile crime is a common and serious issue in current society, and people, especially parents and educators, are pretty worried about the trend of this problem. According to Bala and Roberts, around 17% of criminals were youths, compared to 8% of Canadian population ranging between 12 to 18 years of age between 2003 and 2004 (2006, p37). As a big federal country, Canada has taken a series of actions since 1908. So far, there are three justice acts in the history of Canadian juvenile justiceRead More3 Types of Crime Measurement1016 Words   |  5 PagesCriminologist attempt to determine the extent and nature of delinquency using thre e types of measurement. Uniform Crime Reports, victimization surveys and self report studies all have similar purposes of concluding the trends in different crimes and suggesting the attention of problematic issues. Although, theses types of crime measurement all have the same aim, results vary tremendously between them. Each type of measurement is conducted by a different group that hold their own techniques Read MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For more

The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality Essay - 1405 Words

The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality Introduction During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the island of Cuba was in the process of emerging from a Spanish colony to an independent nation. Freedom from Spain, however, was not the only struggle that Cuba was experiencing at this time. After having been oppressed by slavery for several centuries, Afro-Cubans, who had joined the fight for independence in large numbers, were demanding equality in Cuban society. Nevertheless, whites, especially in the elite, continued to initiate discriminatory practices against them. As a last resort, Afro-Cubans staged an armed protest in response to the outlawing of their political party in 1912. Although valiant, the attempt was†¦show more content†¦All of these practices sought to keep Cuba’s African population at the lower levels of its society. Despite these discriminatory practices, the white elite insisted that Cuban society was fair to all its members by hiding behind what Helg calls the myth of racial equality. According to this myth, Cuba had attained racial equality because white masters had freed their slaves during the first war of attempted independence, blacks and whites had fought side by side in the war, and that if blacks were not successful, it was due to their own lack of merits (Helg 105-106). However, the myth failed to take into account that some masters had opposed the freeing of their slaves, that Afro-Cubans were over-represented in the independence army and in the lower ranks, and that slavery had deprived blacks of the opportunity to acquire the skills they needed to succeed in professional careers (105-106). Many Afro-Cubans felt that if Cuba achieved independence from Spain, they would finally obtain equality in its society. It was for this reason that thousands of them joined the Liberation Army. Helg says that the war gave blacks a new pride in themselves and their African origin (63). The opportunity to fight for Cuba’s freedom provided Afro-Cubans with an expectation for a better future, especially during times of true fraternity, when they fought side by side with whites (Helg 59). Although not as numerous as white leaders, black and mulatto militaryShow MoreRelated The Racial Struggle of Afro-Cubans Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Struggle of Afro-Cubans Introduction Afro-Cubans struggled to no avail for racial equality between the years 1886-1912. The slaughter of protesting blacks in 1912 shows that the battle cries for equality of Antonio Maceo and Josà © Martà © during the war for independence had dissolved. What was left was a unequal Cuban society, divided racially and fearing a black revolution. Aline Helg speaks directly to this issue in her book Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912Read MoreThe Historical And Intellectual Trends1746 Words   |  7 PagesModern Cuban culture cannot simply be defined in a singular fashion. The convergence of peoples from multiple ethnic and cultural backgrounds, ranging from the Iberia and Italy to Africa and China has significantly influenced the evolution of the unique culture of the Cuban population. However, of these, it is the Spanish and African influences that have very distinctly remained, shaping societal norms, and setting culturally artistic precedents. For Afro- Cubans however, the struggle to greater recognitionRead More The Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesThe Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Introduction In the formation of the Cuban nation, the role of Afro-Cubans is undeniably of great importance. The success and riches obtained by Cuba as a Spanish colony would have been unthinkable without the exploitation of African slave labor. Even before emancipation, there were key figures in the Cuban independence movement, such as Antonio Maceo, who were free men of Afro-Cuban origin. After emancipation in 1886, Afro-Cuban ex-slaves showedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States1020 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic difficulty. Castro officially suggest that the matter of race relations need to be improved and now a subject for debate. Castro states, â€Å"†¦. I am not claiming that our country is a perfect model of equality and justice. We believed at the beginning that when we established the fullest equality before the law and complete intolerance for any demonstration of sexual discrimination in the case of women, or racial discrimination in the case of ethnic minorities, these phenomena would vanish fromRead MoreHip Hop Culture Has Influenced The Lives And Identities Of Many Youth1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthese selective groups of adolescents is the political freedom that has come with engaging in the hip hop scene. Hip hop allows Black youth in the United States, immigrant youth in France, and Afro-Cuban youth in Cuba to express criticism toward the racial marginalization that they face in order to gain the equality that society prohibits them from acquiring. Hip hop has evolved into a source of activism and inspiration that allows Black youth to address the flaws within the criminal justice system andRead More Cuban Race Relations Essay2599 Words   |  11 PagesCuban Race Relations I. Introduction- Retracing a History of Racial Scorn in Cuban Society: The study of race relations in contemporary Cuba indelibly requires an understanding of the dynamic history of race relations in this ethnically pervasive island of the Caribbean. Cuban society, due to its historical antecedents of European colonialism and American imperialism, has traditionally experienced anguished and even tumultuous race relations. Racial disharmony has plagued Cuban societyRead MoreCubas Colonial History3014 Words   |  12 Pagesfear of rising British influence in the Caribbean. Since then, Cuba has developed immensely and has seen economic growth and development in 19th and 20th century. The Cuban Revolutionary Government was created by Cuban revolutionary leaders at Carnagucy, Cuba, in September 1895 and provided the political leadership for the Cuban War of Independence (1895-1898). Vestiges of the government would survive until 1902, when a new independent government of Cuba took form. Originally designed to last twoRead MoreAn Active Role in Shaping History Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesdemocracy for the people. In Latin America, Gomez explained that the need from change stemmed from how blackness was not even recognized. Countries like Brazil championed their â€Å"lack of racism† and discrimination and there were ideas of a color-blind Cuban race, but this only allowed them to conclude that no change was really needed. In actuality, the African-descended had the least education, occupied the lowest economic levels, and were without political power, which is a clear indication racism andRead MoreAfrican Studies1214 Words   |  5 PagesNascimento are both prominent scholars and activists. Moore is an ethnologist and political scientist with two doctorates from the prestigious University of Paris, France. He was banished from his native country Cuba for 30 years. Nascimento is a prominent Afro- Brazilian scholar and artist. He is considered to be a historical leader of the Black Movement in Brazil. Their work had an enormous contribution to the societies of Brazil and Cuba. They wor ked hard and often sacrificing their freedom hoping to putRead More The Rumba Dance Essay2967 Words   |  12 Pagesformed. The name has most often been claimed to be derived from the Spanish word for carousel, or festival. Rumba developed in the 1850s and 1860s among free black slaves gathered to express their struggles with one another. Following the abolition of slavery in Cuba in 1886, poor Cubans dealt with a society still emphasizing color and class, by participating in communal gatherings known as rumbas. The cathartic music and dance created eventually found its name from these meetings.

Crime And Punishment Essay Introduction Example For Students

Crime And Punishment Essay Introduction Crime for what, and punishment for whom? May happens in a park and maybe in a room! Maybe at night or afternoon, here or there or close to the moon. A man who makes a crime may be a tycoon or maybe just a vagrant without a small home. Now the problem is for what, for whom do a little vagrant or a tycoon want to be a prisoner or a dark moon? Making crimes comes as a result of many various things in life. The first and the greatest one is called money as the old expression that says Money is the root of all evil, As many people who are in need of money makes different types of crimes just to gain that money, however its coming through a wrong way. The second one and the most popular in Egypt is revenge by neglecting the police since people try to fix their problems themselves. So, despite the payer, crime is called crime but in many different ways. Poor people make some small crimes because of money. They may steal people or may do hacking on the internet to gain what they want. Some of them used to be beggars, others were workers but non of them was born as a criminal. I dont say they have the right to do this because they were born poor, but they have to work hard to gain money and respect. Well, poor people who have aim in life could be rich without a small crime, but hard work is needed. Not only poor people make crimes, but also rich people do so. Although they are already rich, they gather money through many ways against law. They steal, murder and do many other crimes against humanity. They can make factories to gain money nonetheless they prefer to gather lots of money through some faster ways such as drugs trade. Rich people want to increase their wealth by making crimes instead of making useful projects. Crimes were extremely destructive in the middle ages due to many things. First, many people didnt believe in God existence. Second, A huge numbers of them didnt believe in morals at all. Third, civil wars were widespread all over the world. People in the middle ages were seeking for food and shelter. So, they did every types of crimes to get food and shelter which are the most requirements for human being. People in the middle ages were really forced to make crimes in their hard era as there was no actual existence of law. Crimes exist too during the age of the industrial revolution as people contend for many different reasons like getting pieces of land to build huge factories or curettage agricultural pieces of land. They have also made many aggressive things to get what they need and to make what they want. During this age, countries were internally corrupted because they were busy externally as a result of the first and the second world wars. So, during industrial revolution, corruption led to the appearance of plenty types of modern crimes. The 20th century also has many and various types of crimes. Some of them are old and well known for the police inspectors and the others are modern and its first appearance is in this age. However, there crimes exist in this age, Its not as much as in the past due to the presence of the modern police systems that are able to decrease the average crimes happening in successive years. I guess that the 20th century is full of joy and happiness as a result of decreasing the number of crimes since the governmental care is better than old ages. Non of the humans was born as a criminal. A criminal is the end product of bad conditions that turn a heart of a baby or a child full of happiness into a dark heart full of sadness. A calm person could turn to aggressive one because of those conditions that affect each and every person living on this earth. Some countries try nowadays to change those conditions surrounding especially poor and homeless people. .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad , .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad .postImageUrl , .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad , .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad:hover , .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad:visited , .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad:active { border:0!important; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad:active , .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7dc13ed80dd565c66c1759045e39b3ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Should the united states end drug prohibition EssaySo, conditions are the main responsible for making such a criminal. Justice is a small word, but it has a great meaning as it play an important rule in crime and punishment. A judge has to take the balance as a standard before deciding the punishment of each criminal to be perfectly matched with his crime. Justice also make criminals be afraid of the punishment since there are some hard punishments as the penalty death. Such punishment make criminals think hundreds of times before doing any crime. Well, justice is the only way to balance things as a set of crime and punishment. Small crimes have small punishments as justice works to do so. People who make small crimes are not like others who make great and dangerous crimes. The punishments of small crimes are small like the crimes themselves. A criminal of a small crime have to be sentenced to prison for months or just to pay money as a compensation or any other punishment according to the standpoint of the judge and the crime itself as justice takes place. So, as a rule in life, A small crime requires a small punishment. On the other hand, huge crimes requires a strong punishment such as sentence to death. People who make destructive crimes have to be punished without caring about them. Huge crimes are almost represented in torture and murdering crimes. The punishment of such crimes is sentence to prison or sentence to death to make criminals afraid of making those crimes against human rights. I think that those persons with their dreadful crimes dont have the right to live side to side with other peaceful people. Global crimes are considered the most destructive crimes. One of the most global crimes that all people do is increasing the ozone hole as a result of the huge amounts of toxic gazes evolving from cars and factories. Second, the coming disaster that humanity would face which is human cloning that is considered a monster trying to destroy the human species. Some great countries are trying to put an end to the first problem, but the second is still getting wider and wider without a considerable action done by the governments of those civilized countries. So, we need great punishments to put an end to those global crimes that would destroy the universe. Generally, crimes are considered the biggest problems in our daily life. All classes of people make crimes but non of them has the right to do this. Crime is a bad phenomena that appeared in all ages and till now. The punishments on these crimes are each according to its crime, in a way that makes criminals think carefully before doing crimes as they are afraid of the punishment. So, each crime has a punishment.

Market Research In Schools Essays - Soft Drink, Homework

Market Research In Schools In the article "Schools Profit From Offering Pupils for Market Research", Mary Tabor explains the new relationship between schools and businesses. During the school day, businesses use children as willing subjects of market research. They do such things as taste tests and answer opinion polls. This is a difficult subject to pick a definite side on, because both sides have good arguments. This paper will explain both sides and come up with a solution. Almost anyone will agree that exploiting children is bad. Students are in school to learn and taking polls and taste tests are in no way an education. Through this market research, the companies are merely trying to find an easier way to target children. This situation is similar to the calls that people get at home. It is dinnertime and the phone rings. Mom jumps up from the dinner table and answers the phone. It is a market research firm and they would like to ask Mom a few questions. Mom is angered by the call and hangs up. This is a prime example of market research and the inconvenience it causes. Advertisers realize that schools are the perfect places to develop new markets. Kids can not hang up the phone or change the channel. Schools used to be the only place where children were not targeted. Children are entitled to have a place where they can feel no one will be trying to sell them something. If children are constantly exposed to this kind of market research they will begin to think that their education is not important. They will not be able to focus in class, because they will be waiting for the next poll or taste test. This is detrimental to do during class time. It is commendable that the school asked the parents for permission before letting the companies come in to do their research. Unfortunately, this market research has opened the doors to other marketing. Direct marketing to kids has already begun in some schools. Kids in elementary school and high school walk around with Nestle and Calvin Klein book covers. Soon students will be sitting in Pepsi owned chairs, at Pizza Hut desks, with Oreo school bags, looking at a Campbell's chalkboard. As funny as this may sound, it is a definite possibility. According to a recent Time magazine article, the district administrators in Plymouth, Mich. are considering auctioning school names to the highest bidding corporation. Imagine sending kids off to McDonald's Elementary or Coca-Cola High. It may not end there. The situation may snowball into something terribly worse. What if they begin to recruit our children as actual workers? Even if the work was fun or educational, that is unacceptable. Childhood should be the least stressful time in life and work will make the children hardened with the real world. These market research companies should be taken out of the schools and kept away from the children. On the other hand, there is some truth to what Secretary of Education, Richard Bailey is says, "Better education is everybody's business"(Labi 45). The government spends more money on the military services than on a good education for our children. It is reasonable to say that military service does not need all the funds it receives. However, the funds are still used for unnecessary technology and nuclear weapons we will not ever use or need to use. Meanwhile, the children responsible for our future sit in rotting desks with faded, outdated textbooks, in classrooms filled to maximum capacity, listening to an underpaid and overworked teacher. It is no wonder so many children do not even bother going to college and beyond. So it is up to the school officials to find a means of paying for important educational equipment, such as books, computers, and video equipment. It is no surprise, that schools turn to the people who have money and are willing to spend it on the future. For many years now, schools have had agreements with companies that supply schools with learning tools in exchange product sales. Students in most schools collect box tops, soup labels, and store receipts. The school can redeem them for athletic or educational equipment. Schools, especially in the inner cities are burdened by financial debts trying to provide for their students. In a way, these corporations are providing children with a good future. The Noggin television show is also doing it for a good reason. It is an educational television show with no commercials for the children. Obviously, it is

Stone Boiling is an Ancient Cooking Method

Stone Boiling is an Ancient Cooking Method Stone boiling is an ancient cooking technique to heat food with directly exposing it to flame, reducing the likelihood of burning, and allowing the construction of stews and soups. The old story about Stone Soup, in which a glorious stew is created by placing stones in hot water and inviting guests to contribute vegetables and bones, may have its roots in ancient stone-boiling.   How to Boil Stones Stone boiling involves placing stones into or next to a hearth or other heat source until the stones are hot. Once they have achieved an optimal temperature, the stones are quickly placed into a ceramic pot, lined basket or other vessel holding water or liquid or semi-liquid food. The hot stones then transfer the heat to the food. To maintain a continued boiling or simmering temperature, the cook simply adds more, carefully timed, heated rocks. Boiling stones typically range in size between large cobbles and small boulders, and should be of a type of stone that is resistant to flaking and splintering when heated. The technology involves a considerable amount of labor, including finding and carrying an adequate number of appropriately sized stones and building a large enough fire to transfer sufficient heat to the stones. Invention Direct evidence for using stones to heat liquid is a little hard to come by: hearths by definition generally have rocks in them (called generally fire-cracked rock), and identifying whether the stones have been used to heat liquid is difficult at best. The earliest evidence that scholars have suggested for the use of fire dates to ~790,000 years ago, and clear evidence for soup making is not present at such sites: it is possible, perhaps likely, that fire was first used to provide warmth and light, rather than cooking. The first true, purpose-built hearths associated with cooked food date to the Middle Paleolithic (ca. 125,000 years ago). And the earliest example of hearths filled with heat-fractured round river cobbles come from the Upper Paleolithic site of Abri Pataud in the Dordogne valley of France, about 32,000 years ago. Whether those cobbles were used to cook with is probably speculation, but definitely a possibility. According to a comparative ethnography study conducted by American anthropologist Kit Nelson, stone boiling is used most frequently by people who live ​in the temperate zones on earth, between 41 and 68 degrees latitude. All kinds of cooking methods are familiar to most people, but in general, tropical cultures more often use roasting or steaming; arctic cultures rely on direct-fire heating; and in the boreal mid-latitudes, stone boiling is most common. Why Boil Stones? American archaeologist Alston Thoms has argued that people use stone boiling when they dont have access to easily cooked foods, such as lean meat that can be direct-cooked over a flame. He indicates support for this argument by showing that the first North American hunter-gatherers didnt use stone boiling intensively until about 4,000 years  ago when agriculture became a dominant subsistence strategy. Stone boiling might be considered evidence of the invention of stews or soups. Pottery made that possible. Nelson points out that stone boiling requires a container and a stored liquid; stone boiling involves the process of heating liquids without the dangers of burning a basket or the contents of a bowl by direct exposure to fire. And, domestic grains such as maize in North America and millet elsewhere require more processing, in general, to be edible. Any connection between boiling stones and the ancient story called Stone Soup is sheer speculation. The story involves a stranger coming to a village, building a hearth and placing a pot of water over it. She puts in stones and invites others to taste the stone soup. The stranger invites others to add an ingredient, and pretty soon, Stone Soup is a collaborative meal full of tasty things. The Benefits of Limestone Cookery A recent experimental study based on assumptions about American southwestern Basketmaker II (200–400 CE) stone boiling used local limestone rocks as heating elements in baskets to cook maize. Basketmaker societies did not have pottery containers until after the introduction of beans: but corn was an important part of the diet, and hot stone cookery is believed to have been the primary method of preparing maize. U.S. archaeologist Emily Ellwood and colleagues adding heated limestone to water, raising the pH of ​the  water to 11.4–11.6 at temperatures between 300–600 degrees centigrade, and higher yet over longer periods and at higher temperatures. When historical varieties of maize were cooked in the water, chemical lime leached from the stones broke down the corn and increased the availability of digestible proteins. Identifying Stone Boiling Tools Hearths at many prehistoric archaeological sites have a preponderance of fire-cracked rock, and establishing evidence that some were used in stone boiling has been tested by American archaeologist Fernanda Neubauer. Her experiments found that the most common fracture on stone boiled rocks are contraction-fractures, which exhibit irregular crenulated, wavy, or jagged cracks on the breakage faces and a rough and undulating interior surface. She also found that repeated heating and cooling eventually fractures the cobbles into pieces too small to use depending on the raw material and that the repetition also can cause fine crazing of the rock surfaces. Evidence such as that described by Neubauer has been found in Spain and China by about 12,000–15,000 years ago, suggesting the technique was well known by the end of the last Ice Age. Selected Sources Ellwood, Emily C., et al. Stone-Boiling Maize with Limestone: Experimental Results and Implications for Nutrition among SE Utah Preceramic Groups. Journal of Archaeological Science 40.1 (2013): 35-44. Print.Gao, Xing, et al. The Discovery of Late Paleolithic Boiling Stones at SDG 12, North China. Quaternary International 347 (2014): 91-96. Print.Nakazawa, Yuichi, et al. On Stone-Boiling Technology in the Upper Paleolithic: Behavioral Implications from an Early Magdalenian Hearth in El Mirà ³n Cave, Cantabria, Spain. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.3 (2009): 684-93. Print.Nelson, Kit. Environment, Cooking Strategies and Containers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29.2 (2010): 238-47. Print.Neubauer, Fernanda. Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks. American Antiquity 83.4 (2018): 681-700. Print.Short, Laura, et al. Facile Residue Analysis of Recent and Prehistoric Cook Stones Using Handheld Raman Spectrometry. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 46.1 (2015): 126-32. Prin t. Thoms, Alston V. Rocks of Ages: Propagation of Hot-Rock Cookery in Western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.3 (2009): 573-91. Print.

Indirect Speech Definition and Examples

Indirect Speech Definition and Examples Indirect speech  is a report on what someone else said or wrote without using that persons exact words (which is called direct speech). Its also called  indirect discourse or reported speech.   Direct vs. Indirect Speech In direct speech, a persons exact words are placed in quotation marks and set off with a comma and a reporting clause or signal phrase,  such as said or asked. In fiction writing, using direct speech  can display  the emotion of an important scene in vivid detail through the words themselves as well as the description of how something was said. In nonfiction writing or journalism, direct speech  can emphasize a particular point, by using a sources exact words. Indirect speech is paraphrasing what someone said or wrote. In writing, it functions to move a piece  along by boiling down points that an interview source made. Unlike direct speech, indirect speech is  not  usually placed inside quote marks. However, both are attributed to the speaker because they come directly from a source. How to Convert In the first  example below,  the  verb  in the  present tense  in the line of direct speech (is)  may change to the  past tense  (was) in indirect speech, though it doesnt necessarily have to with a present-tense verb.  If it makes sense in context to keep it present tense, thats fine. Direct speech:  Where is your textbook? the teacher asked me.Indirect speech:  The teacher asked me  where my textbook was.Indirect speech: The teacher asked me where my textbook is. Keeping the present tense in  reported speech  can give the impression of  immediacy, that its being reported soon after the direct quote,such as: Direct speech:  Bill said, I cant come in today, because Im sick.Indirect speech:  Bill said (that) he cant come in today because hes sick. Future Tense An action in the future (present continuous tense or future)  doesnt have to change verb tense, either, as these examples demonstrate. Direct speech:  Jerry said, Im  going to buy a new car.Indirect speech:  Jerry said (that) hes going to buy  a new car.Direct speech:  Jerry said, I will buy a new car.Indirect speech:  Jerry said (that) he will buy a new car. Indirectly reporting an action in the future can change verb tenses when needed. In this next example, changing the  am going  to was going implies that she has already left for the mall. However, keeping the tense progressive or continuous  implies that the action continues, that shes still at the mall and not back yet. Direct speech:  She said, Im going to the mall.Indirect speech:  She said (that) she was going to the mall.Indirect speech: She said (that) she is going to the mall. Other Changes With a past-tense verb in the direct quote, the verb changes to past perfect. Direct speech:  She said,  I went to the mall.Indirect speech:  She said (that)  she had gone to the mall. Note the change in first person (I) and second person (your)  pronouns  and  word order  in the indirect versions. The person has to change because the one  reporting the action is not the one actually doing it. Third person (he or she) in direct speech remains in the third person. Free Indirect Speech In  free indirect speech, which is  commonly used in fiction, the reporting clause  (or signal phrase) is omitted. Using the technique is a way to follow a characters point of view- in third-person limited omniscient- and show her thoughts intermingled with narration. Typically in fiction italics show a characters exact thoughts, and quote marks show dialogue. Free indirect speech makes do without the italics and simply combines the internal thoughts of the character with the narration of the story. Writers who have used this technique include James Joyce, Jane Austen, Virginia Woolf, Henry James, Zora Neale Hurston, and D.H. Lawrence.

Industry Analysis For Foods Market Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industry Analysis For Foods Market - Term Paper Example For instance, Whole foods chains supermarket, which is a major player in the food business, is facing competition from companies such as wall mart, signature foods, and Kroger. The company has certification as a credible supply of organic foods in the market. Moreover, the organization has more years of experience in the food industry with a gross profit of 14.20% (Ferrell 2). The company focuses on providing quality products to its clients in the market. Indeed, the management takes pride in serving customers of the supermarket chain. Equally, the organization has a fair dividend policy. Shareholders trade in the company stocks reflects positively as indicated on the company’s balance sheet. This is providing whole foods supermarket an opportunity of exploring the global market. The company was ranked at number 24 among the best 100 employers in the globe. The momentum in sales of the company indicates the potentiality of growth in future (Shim & Joel 311). The company has invested much in expanding its operations to different places of the globe. The company should not be analyzed solely using stock recommendations. People should use information from the companies trading and loss accounts. The historical data of the company indicates that â€Å"whole foods supermarket† is experiencing growth in its sales. In the year 2011, it posted higher revenue compared to the previous financial year. The company has facilitated its expansion in the global market through mergers (King 116). There are cases in which whole foods market acquired other businesses as part of their operations. It is listed in the NASDAQ stock market as one of the promising company. The company’s profit margin for 2012 was at 3.84%. The food industry is expected to revolutionize trading in the stock exchange market. Currently, it has a positive cash flow margin of 3.34%. The recent expansion of the activities of whole foods signifies that several people depend on the company. Whole food is a part of the $32 billion food industry. However, whole foods market has struggled to meet the requirement trading policies initiated by the government. Moreover, the food industry business has experienced the effects of inflation on the economy (Warren & James 2).